1914-1918: "Nkhondo yomwe idapha Mulungu": Yankho limodzi

“Mulungu ali nafe” linali mwambi woposanso wodabwitsa womwe asitikali aku Germany omwe adapita kunkhondo zaka zana zapitazo adalemba pamaloko awo. Kukumbukiraku pang'ono kuchokera m'zakale zakale kumatipatsa mwayi womvetsetsa momwe Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse ya 1914-1918 idakhudzira kukhudzika kwachipembedzo komanso chikhulupiriro chachikhristu. Abusa ndi ansembe adalimbikitsa amipingo awo achichepere powatsimikizira kuti Mulungu adzakhala kumbali ya dziko lawo. Zoyipa zakulowerera mu tchalitchi kunkhondo, zomwe zidapha miyoyo ya anthu pafupifupi mamiliyoni khumi, kuphatikiza aku Germany miliyoni awiri, zikukhudzabe masiku ano.

Katswiri wa zaumulungu wa Roma Katolika Gerhard Lohfink adatsata izi pambuyo pake: "Mfundo yoti mu 1914 akhristu adapita kunkhondo yodzala ndi chidwi ndi Akhristu, obatizidwa obatizidwa, sichinawoneke ngati ntchito yowononga tchalitchi ...". Bishop wa London adalimbikitsa mamembala ake kuti amenye nkhondo "ya Mulungu ndi dziko" ngati kuti Mulungu akufuna thandizo lathu. Ku Switzerland komwe sikulowerera ndale, m'busa wachinyamata Karl Barth adadabwitsidwa pomwe ophunzira ake amaphunzira modzifunira kuti apite kunkhondo "Kumenya nkhondo!". M'magazini yolemekezedwa ya "Die Christliche Welt" adatsutsa kuti: "Ndizomvetsa chisoni kwambiri kuwona momwe kulakalaka nkhondo komanso chikhulupiriro chachikhristu zilumikizidwira m'malo opanda chiyembekezo."

"Masewera a anthu"

Olemba mbiri adawulula zomwe zidayambitsa mkangano, womwe udayambira kudera laling'ono la Balkan kenako ndikukoka maulamuliro akulu aku Europe. Mtolankhani waku France a Raymond Aron adafotokoza mwachidule izi m'buku lake "The Century of Total War" patsamba 16: "Mikangano yomwe idakulirakulira idakhudza mfundo zazikulu zitatu: mkangano pakati pa Austria ndi Russia ku Balkan, nkhondo ya Morocco ku Germany ndi ku Germany mpikisano wamanja - panyanja pakati pa Great Britain ndi Germany komanso pamtunda pansi pa mphamvu zonse. Zifukwa ziwiri zomalizira za nkhondoyi zidatsegula njira; choyambirira chidapereka mphamvu yomwe idayambitsa.

Akatswiri a mbiri yakale amafika pofotokoza zomwe zimayambitsa. Amafufuza zinthu zomwe zimaoneka ngati zosaoneka bwino monga kunyada dziko lawo komanso mantha osagona tulo, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi zotsatira zofanana. Wolemba mbiri wa ku Düsseldorf Wolfgang J. Mommsen anaika chitsenderezo chimenechi mwachidule: “Kunali kulimbana pakati pa machitidwe osiyanasiyana a ndale ndi aluntha amene anapanga maziko a zimenezi” ( Imperial Germany 1867-1918 [German: Germany Empire 1867-1918], P. . 209). Ndithudi silinali dziko limodzi lokha limene linaloŵerera m’kudzikonda ndi kukonda dziko lako mu 1914. Asilikali a ku Britain ananena momasuka kuti gulu lawo lankhondo la pamadzi lachifumu likulamulira gawo limodzi mwa magawo anayi a dziko lapansi mu ufumu umene dzuŵa sililoŵa. A French adapanga Paris kukhala mzinda womwe nsanja ya Eiffel inali umboni wogwiritsa ntchito luso laukadaulo.

"Wodala ngati Mulungu ku France" adatero m'mawu achijeremani kuyambira nthawi imeneyo. Ndi "chikhalidwe" chawo chapadera komanso theka la zaka zakwaniritsidwa mwamphamvu, Ajeremani adadziona ngati onyadira, monga wolemba mbiri Barbara Tachman ananenera mwachidule:

"A Germany adadziwa kuti ali ndi mphamvu zankhondo zamphamvu kwambiri padziko lapansi, komanso amalonda omwe ali ndi luso komanso osunga mabanki otanganidwa kwambiri, omwe amalowa m'mayiko onse, omwe adathandizira anthu a ku Turkey kuti apereke ndalama za njanji kuchokera ku Berlin kupita ku Baghdad komanso malonda a Latin America okha. womangidwa; ankadziwa kuti ndizovuta kwa asilikali ankhondo a ku Britain, ndipo m'munda wa aluntha anatha kupanga mwadongosolo nthambi iliyonse ya chidziwitso motsatira mfundo za sayansi. Iwo anayenera kukhala ndi udindo waukulu padziko lapansi (The Proud Tower, p. 331).

Ndizodabwitsa kuti mawu oti “kunyada” amawonekera kaŵirikaŵiri popenda dziko lotukuka chisanafike 1914, ndipo tiyenera kudziŵika kuti mwambi wakuti “kunyada kumabwera chisanagwe” sichinabwerezedwenso m’matembenuzidwe aliwonse a Baibulo 1984 m’mawu olondola. kutanthauza kuti: “Iye amene awonongeka adzayamba kudzikuza” ( Miyambo 16,18).

Kuwononga sikuyenera kungogwera mnyumba, minda komanso amuna onse m'matauni ang'onoang'ono. Chilonda chachikulu chomwe chidachitika pachikhalidwe cha ku Europe chidayenera kukhala "imfa ya Mulungu", monga ena adatchulira. Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa omwe amapita kutchalitchi ku Germany kumachepa mzaka za 1914 zisanachitike ndipo machitidwe achikhulupiriro chachikhristu anali kuchitika kumadzulo konse kwa Europe ngati "milomo", chikhulupiriro cha anthu ambiri mwa Mulungu wokoma mtima chatsika chifukwa cha kuwopsa kwa Kukhetsedwa kwa Magazi mumngalande, komwe kumawonekera pakupha komwe sikunachitikepo.

Zovuta zamasiku ano

Monga wolemba Tyler Carrington adanenera mokhudzana ndi Central Europe, Tchalitchi monga bungwe "lakhala likubwerera kwawo kuyambira zaka za 1920," komanso zoyipa, "lero opezekapo pamisonkhano ndi ochepa kuposa kale lonse." Tsopano sizinali choncho kuti chaka cha 1914 chisanafike pakhoza kukambidwa za Golden Age of Faith. Njira zingapo zochokerapo kuchokera kumsasa wachipembedzo wa omwe adalimbikitsa njira zowunikirazo zidapangitsa kuti kukokoloka kukhale kokhazikika pokhudzana ndi chikhulupiriro cha vumbulutso laumulungu. Pakati pa 1835 ndi 1836 a David Friedrich Strauss 'Das Leben Jesu, osinthidwa mozama, adafunsa zaumulungu wa Khristu. Ngakhale Albert Schweitzer wosadzikonda, m'buku lake la 1906 lotchedwa History of Life-Jesus Research, adamuwonetsa Yesu ngati mlaliki weniweni wa apocalyptic, yemwe, komabe, anali munthu wabwino kuposa Mulungu-munthu. Komabe, malingaliro awa adangofikira "unyinji wovuta" ndikukhumudwitsidwa ndikumverera kopandukira komwe mamiliyoni aku Germany ndi azungu ena adazindikira pambuyo pa 1918. Mitundu yosagwirizana ndi malingaliro monga Freud's psychology, malingaliro a Einstein okhudzana, Marxism-Leninism ndipo, koposa zonse, mawu osamvetsetseka a Friedrich Nietzsche akuti "Mulungu wamwalira, [...] ndipo tidamupha" adayamba kujambula. Kwa ambiri omwe adapulumuka pa Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse, zidawoneka ngati maziko awo agwedezeka kosasunthika. Ma 1920 adalowetsa zaka za jazi ku America, koma nthawi yowawa kwambiri idayamba kwa Mjeremani wamba, akuvutika ndi kugonja komanso kugwa kwachuma. Mu 1922, buledi adalipira mamaki 163, mtengo womwe udakwera mpaka mamiliyoni 1923 pofika 200.000.000.

Ngakhale dziko lamanzere la Weimar Republic (1919-1933) linayesetsa kusunga dongosolo linalake, anthu mamiliyoni ambiri adakopeka ndi nkhondoyi, yomwe Erich Maria Remarque sanapeze chatsopano m'buku lake la Im Westen. Asilikali omwe anali paulendo wopita kwawo adakhumudwa kwambiri ndi kusiyana pakati pa zomwe zinkanenedwa za nkhondo yakutali ndi kutsogolo ndi zenizeni monga momwe zimawonekera kwa iwo monga makoswe, nsabwe, mabowo a zipolopolo, kudya anthu komanso kuwombera akaidi a nkhondo. “Mphekesera zinafalikira kuti kuukira kwathu kunatsagana ndi mawu a nyimbo ndi kuti kwa ife nkhondoyo inali chinyengo chanthaŵi yaitali cha nyimbo ndi chipambano [...] Ife tokha tinkadziŵa chowonadi ponena za nkhondo; chifukwa zinali pamaso pathu ”(yotengedwa kuchokera ku Ferguson, The War of the World, p. 119).

Pamapeto pake, ngakhale kudzipereka kwawo, Ajeremani adayenera kuvomereza gulu lankhondo lokhala pansi pamikhalidwe yokhazikitsidwa ndi Purezidenti wa US Woodrow Wilson - atalemedwa ndi malipiro obwezera a madola mabiliyoni a 56, ndikutayika kwa madera akulu ku Eastern Europe (komanso ambiri. madera ake ) ndi kuopsezedwa ndi nkhondo za m’misewu zochitidwa ndi magulu achikomyunizimu. Ndemanga ya Purezidenti Wilson ponena za pangano la mtendere limene Ajeremani anayenera kusaina mu 1919 linali lakuti ngati iye anali Mjeremani, sakadasaina. Mtsogoleri wa boma la Britain Winston Churchill analosera kuti: "Uwu si mtendere, koma zaka 20 za nkhondo". Iye anali wolondola chotani nanga!

Chikhulupiriro chikuchepa

Chikhulupiriro chinavutika kwambiri m’zaka za pambuyo pa nkhondoyi. M'busa Martin Niemöller (1892-1984), wonyamula Iron Cross ndipo pambuyo pake anagwidwa ndi chipani cha Nazi, adawona "zaka zamdima" m'ma 1920. Panthaŵiyo, Apulotesitanti ambiri a ku Germany anali m’mipingo 28 ya Tchalitchi cha Lutheran kapena Reformed, ochepa a Baptist kapena Methodist. Martin Luther anali wochirikiza mwamphamvu kumvera maulamuliro andale zadziko, pafupifupi pamlingo uliwonse. Kufikira kupangidwa kwa dziko la dzikoli mu nyengo ya Bismarck m’zaka za m’ma 1860, akalonga ndi mafumu pa nthaka ya ku Germany anali atalamulira matchalitchi. Izi zidapangitsa kuti pakhale mikhalidwe yabwino kwambiri yoti anthu ambiri azidzipha mwadzina. Pamene kuli kwakuti akatswiri a zaumulungu otchuka padziko lonse anakambitsirana za mbali za maphunziro zaumulungu zimene zinali zovuta kuzimvetsetsa, kulambira mu Germany kwakukulukulu kunatsatira chizoloŵezi cha mwambo wachipembedzo, ndipo kudana ndi Ayuda kwa tchalitchi kunali kofala panthaŵiyo. Wolemba nkhani wa ku Germany William L. Shirer anasimba za magaŵano achipembedzo pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yadziko Yoyamba:

“Ngakhale Republic of Weimar inali yonyansa kwa abusa ambiri Achiprotestanti; osati kokha chifukwa chakuti chinatsogolera ku kuikidwa kwa mafumu ndi akalonga, komanso chifukwa chakuti chinachirikizidwa makamaka ndi Akatolika ndi asoshosholisti.” Chenicheni chakuti Chancellor Adolf Hitler anasaina pangano ndi Vatican mu 1933 chimasonyeza mmene mbali zazikulu za Germany zinalili. Chikhristu chinali . Tikhoza kuzindikira zizolowezi za kupatukana pakati pa chikhulupiriro chachikristu ndi anthu pamene tizindikira kuti umunthu wapadera mu Tchalitchi monga Martin Niemöller ndi Dietrich Bonhoeffer (1906-1945) amakonda kuimira zosiyana ndi lamulo. M’ntchito zonga ngati Succession, Bonhoeffer anagogomezera kufooka kwa mipingo monga mabungwe amene, m’lingaliro lake, analibenso uthenga weniweni wopereka ponena za mantha a anthu a ku Germany m’zaka za zana la 20. “Kumene chikhulupirirocho chinapulumuka,” akulemba motero wolemba mbiri Scott Jersak, “sakanadaliranso mawu a tchalitchi chimene chinafuna kuvomereza mwaumulungu kukhetsa mwazi [kopanda malire] [monga 1914-1918].” Iye anawonjezera kuti: “Ufumu wa Mulungu sichimayimira chiyembekezo chopanda kanthu kapena kuthawira mobisala m'malo otetezedwa ”. Katswiri wa zaumulungu Wachijeremani Paul Tillich (1886-1965), amene anakakamizika kuchoka ku Germany mu 1933 pambuyo potumikira monga wansembe m’Nkhondo Yadziko I, anazindikira kuti matchalitchi a ku Germany kwakukulukulu anatsekeredwa pakamwa kapena kukhala opanda tanthauzo. Iwo sakanatha kugwiritsa ntchito mawu omveka bwino kukopa anthu ndi maboma kuti avomereze udindo ndi kusintha. "Osazolowera maulendo apamtunda okwera, tinagwetsedwa," adalemba pambuyo pake ponena za Hitler ndi Third Reich (1933-1945). Monga taonera, mavuto a masiku ano akhala akugwira ntchito. Zinatengera zoopsa ndi chipwirikiti cha nkhondo yapadziko lonse yotopetsa kuti zitheke.

Wakufa kapena wamoyo?

Chifukwa chake zotsatira zoyipa za "nkhondo yomwe idapha Mulungu" osati ku Germany kokha. Kuthandiza atsogoleri achipembedzo kwa Hitler kudathandizira kuti panali choopsa choyipitsitsa, Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse. Poterepa ziyenera kudziwika kuti Mulungu anali wamoyo kwa iwo amene amamudalira. Wachichepere wotchedwa Jürgen Moltmann adayenera kuwona momwe miyoyo ya ambiri mkasukulu yake yasekondale idafafanizidwa ndi bomba lowopsa la Hamburg. Pamapeto pake, izi zidachititsanso kuti chikhulupiriro chake chitsitsimutsidwe, monga adalemba:

“Mu 1945 ndinamangidwa monga wandende wankhondo kumsasa wina ku Belgium. Ulamuliro wa ku Germany unali utagwa. Chikhalidwe cha ku Germany chidaphedwa ndi Auschwitz. Kwathu Hamburg kunali mabwinja, ndipo sizinkawoneka mosiyana ndi ine. Ndidadzimva kuti ndasiyidwa ndi Mulungu komanso anthu ndipo chiyembekezo changa chachinyamata chidasokonekera mu bud (...] Zikatero m'busa waku America adandipatsa Baibulo ndipo ndidayamba kuliwerenga ".

Pamene Moltmann anakumana ndi ndime ya m’Baibulo imene Yesu anafuula pa mtanda kuti: “Mulungu wanga, Mulungu wanga, mwandisiyiranji ine” ( Mateyu 27,46) akugwidwa mawu, anayamba kumvetsa bwino mfundo yaikulu ya uthenga wachikhristu. Iye akufotokoza kuti: “Ndinazindikira kuti Yesu ameneyu ndi mbale waumulungu m’masautso athu. Amapereka chiyembekezo kwa ogwidwa ndi osiyidwa. Iye ndi amene amatimasula ku zolakwa zomwe zimatilemera ndipo zimatilepheretsa ife chiyembekezo chilichonse chamtsogolo [...] Ndinagwira ntchito molimba mtima kuti ndisankhe moyo pa nthawi yomwe iwe ukanakhala wokonzeka kupereka zonse kuti uziyike. kutha ku. Chiyanjano choyambirira chimenecho ndi Yesu, mbale wanga m’masautso, sichinandilepherepo kuyambira pamenepo” ( Who Is Christ for Us Today?, p. 2-3).

M'mabuku, nkhani ndi nkhani zambiri a Jürgen Moltmann akutsimikizira kuti Mulungu sanafe, kuti amakhalabe ndi moyo mu mzimu womwe umachokera mwa mwana wake, womwe Akhristu amamutcha kuti Yesu Khristu. Ndizosangalatsa kuti ngakhale zaka zana pambuyo pa zomwe zimatchedwa "nkhondo yomwe idapha Mulungu", anthu akupezabe njira yopyola zowopsa ndi chipwirikiti cha nthawi yathu mwa Yesu Khristu.    

ndi Neil Earle


kerala1914-1918: "Nkhondo yomwe idapha Mulungu"