Audio
Zomwe Dr. Faustus samadziwa
Ngati mumachita ndi zolemba za Chijeremani, simungathe kunyalanyaza nthano ya Faust. Owerenga ambiri a Succession adamva za mutu wofunikira uwu kuchokera kwa Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832) m'masiku awo akusukulu. Goethe ankadziwa nthano ya Faust kudzera mu ziwonetsero za zidole, zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa ngati nkhani zamakhalidwe abwino mu chikhalidwe cha ku Europe kuyambira Middle Ages. M’zaka za m’ma 20, Thomas Mann, yemwe analandira Mphotho ya Nobel, anatsitsimutsa nkhani ya munthu amene anagulitsa moyo wake kwa mdierekezi. Nthano ya Faust ndi mgwirizano wa satana wotsagana nawo (mu Chingerezi izi zimatchedwanso kuti Faustian bargain) zinatsatira lingaliro la the20. Century, mwachitsanzo ndi kudzipereka ku National Socialism mu 1933.
Nkhani ya Faust imawonekeranso m'mabuku a Chingerezi. Wolemba ndakatulo komanso wolemba sewero Christopher Marlowe, mnzake wapamtima wa William Shakespeare, analemba lemba mu 1588 momwe Dr. Johannes Faust wa ku Wittenberg, yemwe watopa ndi maphunziro otopetsa, apanga pangano ndi Lusifa: Faust amapereka moyo wake kwa satana akamwalira, ngati pobwezera akwaniritsa zokhumba zaka zinayi zilizonse. Mitu yayikulu mu mtundu wachikondi wa Goethe ndikupambana kwanthawi pa Faust wamunthu, kuthawa zowona zonse komanso kukongola kosatha. Ntchito ya Goethe ikadali ndi malo olimba m'mabuku achijeremani masiku ano.
Will Durant akufotokoza izi motere:
"Faust ndi Goethe mwiniwake - ngakhale kuti onse anali makumi asanu ndi limodzi. Monga Goethe, ali ndi zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi anali wokondwa ndi kukongola ndi chisomo. Zokhumba zake ziwiri za nzeru ndi kukongola zinakhazikika mu moyo wa Goethe. Lingaliro limeneli linatsutsa milungu yobwezera, komabe linali lolemekezeka. Faust ndi Goethe onse ananena kuti “inde” ku moyo, mwauzimu ndi mwakuthupi, mwanzeru komanso mosangalala. “(Cultural history of human.
Kuwonekera koopsa
Othirira ndemanga ambiri amawona malingaliro odzikuza a Faust a mphamvu zonga zaumulungu. Marlowes Mbiri yomvetsa chisoni ya Doctor Faustus imayamba ndi munthu wamkulu akunyoza chidziwitso chomwe walandira kudzera mu sayansi zinayi (filosofi, mankhwala, malamulo ndi zamulungu). Zowonadi, ku Wittenberg kunali zochitika za zomwe zidachitika pafupi ndi Martin Luther komanso zomveka zomwe zimamveka sizinganyalanyazidwe. Theology nthawi ina ankatchedwa "The Queen's Science". Koma ndi kupusa kotani nanga kuganiza kuti munthu wamiza chidziwitso chonse chomwe angaphunzitsidwe. Kupanda nzeru zakuya kwa Faust ndi mzimu kwapangitsa owerenga ambiri kuti asamachedwe ndi nkhaniyi.
Kalata yochokera kwa Paulo yopita kwa Aroma, imene Luther anaiona kukhala chilengezo chake cha ufulu wachipembedzo, imaonekera bwino apa: “Popeza anadziyesa anzeru, anakhala opusa.” 1,22). Kenako Paulo analemba za kuya ndi chuma chimene munthu ayenera kukumana nacho akamafunafuna Mulungu. Iye anati: “Ha! Ziweruzo zake ndi zosasanthulika, ndi njira zake zosasanthulika! Pakuti “ndani anazindikira mtima wa Ambuye, kapena phungu wake ndani”? 11,33-34 ndi).
Ngwazi yomvetsa chisoni
Pali khungu lakuya komanso lowopsa ku Faust, lomwe limatanthawuza mathero ake awiri. Amafuna mphamvu kuposa chuma chilichonse padziko lapansi. Marlowe akulemba motere: “Ku India ayenera kuwulukira ku Golide, ngale za Kum’maŵa zikukumba m’nyanja, Mitsinje ya dziko lonse latsopano, Pazipatso zabwino, zokoma za akalonga; nduna ya mafumu akunja idavumbulutsa kuti: "Marlowes Faustus adalembedwera siteji, chifukwa chake akuwonetsa ngwazi yomvetsa chisoni yomwe ikufuna kupeza, kufufuza, kukulitsa ndikupeza zinsinsi zadziko lodziwika bwino komanso losadziwika bwino. Pamene ayamba kufuna kufufuza zenizeni za kumwamba ndi gehena, Mephisto, mthenga wa Lusifara, akusiya ntchitoyo ndi kunjenjemera. Iye amayesa kupeza malingaliro ake.Amayamika mulungu monga cholengedwa chokumbatira komanso chochirikiza zonse, chifukwa kwa Goethe kumverera ndi chirichonse.Otsutsa ambiri amayamikira Faust ya Goethe kuchokera mu 1808 monga sewero labwino kwambiri komanso ndakatulo yabwino kwambiri yomwe Germany ili nayo. anayamba wapangidwa. Ngakhale Faust atakokedwa ku gehena ndi Mephisto pamapeto pake, pali zinthu zambiri zokongola zomwe zingapezeke mu nkhaniyi. Ndi Marlowe zotsatira zochititsa chidwi zimatenga nthawi yayitali ndipo zimatha ndi makhalidwe abwino. M’kati mwa seŵerolo, Faustus anaona kufunika kwa kubwerera kwa Mulungu ndi kuvomereza zolakwa zake kwa iyemwini ndi iyemwini. Mukuchita kwachiwiri Faustus akufunsa ngati kwachedwa kwambiri kutero ndipo mngelo woipa akutsimikizira mantha amenewa. Komabe, mngelo wabwinoyo anamulimbikitsa ndi kumuuza kuti sikunachedwe kubwerera kwa Mulungu. Mngelo woipayo akuyankha kuti Mdyerekezi angam’khadzule ngati atabwerera kwa Mulungu. Koma mngelo wabwinoyo sanafooke mwamsanga ndipo anamutsimikizira kuti palibe tsitsi limodzi limene lingapindike ngati abwerera kwa Mulungu. Pamenepo Faustus akuitana Kristu kuchokera pansi pa moyo wake monga Muomboli wake namupempha kuti apulumutse moyo wake wodwala.
Kenako Lusifara akuwonekera ndi chenjezo komanso kusokoneza mwanzeru kuti asokoneze dokotala wophunzitsidwa. Lusifara akumudziwikitsa ku machimo asanu ndi awiri akupha: kunyada, umbombo, kaduka, mkwiyo, kususuka, ulesi ndi chilakolako. Faustus wa Marlowe wasokonezedwa kwambiri ndi zosangalatsa zakuthupi izi moti anasiya njira yotembenukira kwa Mulungu. Nayi makhalidwe enieni a nkhani ya Faustus ya Marlowe: Tchimo la Faustus sikuti ndi kudzikuza kwake kokha, koma pamwamba pa zonse zauzimu. Za Dr. Kristin Leuschner wa Rand Corporation, kuyang'ana pamwamba uku ndi chifukwa chake adagwa, chifukwa "Faustus sangakhale ndi mulungu wamkulu womukhululukira zolakwa zake".
M'malo osiyanasiyana m'sewero la Marlowe, abwenzi a Faustus amamulimbikitsa kuti alape, chifukwa sikunachedwe. Koma Faustus wachititsidwa khungu ndi chikhulupiriro chake chomwe sichinakhalepo - Mulungu wachikhristu ndi wamkulu kuposa momwe angaganizire. Ndi wamkulu moti angamukhululukire.” Academic Dr. Faustus, amene anapeŵa maphunziro a zaumulungu, chotero anaphonya imodzi ya mapulinsipulo ofunika koposa a Baibulo: “Iwo [anthu] onse ali ochimwa, nasoŵa ulemerero umene ayenera kukhala nawo ndi Mulungu, ndipo alungamitsidwa ndi chisomo chake mwa iwo popanda chifukwa cha chipulumutso chimene chinadza. mwa Kristu Yesu” (Aroma 3,23f). M’Chipangano Chatsopano zikunenedwa kuti Yesu anatulutsa ziwanda zisanu ndi ziwiri mwa mkazi, ndipo mkaziyo anakhala mmodzi wa ophunzira ake okhulupirika kwambiri (Luka. 8,32). Kaya tikuwerenga Baibulo lotani, kusakhulupirira chisomo cha Mulungu ndi chinthu chomwe tonse timakumana nacho, timakonda kupanga chifaniziro chathu cha Mulungu. Koma kumeneko ndi kusaona bwino. Faustus sakanadzikhululukira, chotero ndimotani mmene Mulungu Wamphamvuyonse angachite zimenezo? Izi ndi zomveka - koma ndi zomveka zopanda chifundo.
Kukhululukidwa kwa ochimwa
Mwina aliyense wa ife angamve chimodzimodzi panthawi ina. Tikatero tiyenera kulimba mtima chifukwa uthenga wa m’Baibulo ndi womveka bwino. Machimo onse angathe kukhululukidwa kupatula otsutsana ndi Mzimu Woyera, ndipo choonadi chimenecho chiri mu uthenga wa mtanda. Uthenga wa uthenga wabwino ndi wakuti nsembe imene Khristu anapereka chifukwa cha ife inali yamtengo wapatali kwambiri kuposa kuchuluka kwa moyo wathu wonse komanso machimo athu onse amene tinachita. Anthu ena savomereza chikhululukiro cha Mulungu ndipo motero amalemekeza machimo awo: “Mlandu wanga ndi waukulu, waukulu kwambiri. Mulungu sangandikhululukire.”
Koma maganizo amenewa ndi olakwika. Uthenga wa m’Baibulo umatanthauza chisomo – chisomo mpaka mapeto. Uthenga wabwino wa uthenga wabwino ndi wakuti chikhululukiro chakumwamba chimagwira ntchito ngakhale kwa ochimwa kwambiri. Paulo iyemwini akulemba motere: “Amenewa ali ndithu, ndi mawu oyenera chikhulupiriro, kuti Kristu Yesu anadza ku dziko lapansi kupulumutsa ochimwa, amene ndine woyamba wa iwo. Koma chifukwa chake ndachitiridwa chifundo kuti Khristu Yesu andionetse ine choyamba kuleza mtima, monga chitsanzo kwa iwo amene ayenera kukhulupirira iye ku moyo wosatha ”(1. Tim1,15-16 ndi).
Paulo anapitiriza kulemba kuti: “Koma pamene uchimo wakula, chisomocho chinakulanso kwambiri.” (Aroma ) 5,20). Uthenga ndi womveka bwino: njira ya chisomo nthawi zonse ndi yaulere, ngakhale kwa wochimwa kwambiri. Pamene Dr. Faustus ankangomvetsa zimenezo.
ndi Neil Earle
