Karl Barth: Mneneri wa Mpingo

Katswiri wamaphunziro azaumulungu waku Switzerland Karl Barth adadziwika kuti ndi wophunzitsa zaumulungu wopambana komanso wolalikira nthawi zonse. Papa Pius XII (1876-1958) adamutcha Barth wophunzira zaumulungu wofunika kwambiri kuyambira Thomas Aquinas. Ziribe kanthu momwe mumamuyang'ana, Karl Barth adakhudza kwambiri atsogoleri amakono achikhristu ndi akatswiri azikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana.

Zaka za kuphunzira ntchito ndi zovuta zachikhulupiriro

Barth anabadwa pa Meyi 10, 1886, pachimake cha chikoka cha zamulungu zaufulu ku Ulaya. Anali wophunzira komanso wophunzira wa Wilhelm Herrmann (1846-1922), wotsogola wotsogola wa zomwe zimatchedwa zamulungu za anthropological, zomwe zidazikidwa pazochitika za Mulungu. Barth analemba za iye kuti: Herrmann anali mphunzitsi wa zaumulungu pamene ndinali wophunzira. [1] M’zaka zoyambirira zimenezi, Barth anatsatiranso ziphunzitso za katswiri wa zaumulungu wa ku Germany Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768–1834), tate wa zamulungu zamakono. Ndinali wokonda kumupatsa ngongole fide implicita [mwakhungu] kudutsa gulu lonse, iye analemba. [2]

1911-1921 Barth adagwira ntchito ngati m'busa m'dera la Reformed ku Safenwil ku Switzerland. Mu Ogasiti 93, manifesto momwe ophunzira 1914 aku Germany adalankhulira kumbuyo nkhondo ya Kaiser Wilhelm II idagwedeza maziko achikhulupiriro chake. Aphunzitsi achipembedzo ovomerezeka omwe Barth adawakonda anali nawonso omwe adasaina. Ndi izi kudabwera dziko lonse la mafotokozedwe, zamakhalidwe, ziphunzitso ndi kulalikira zomwe ndimaganiza kuti ndizodalirika ... mpaka pazoyambira, adatero.

Barth ankakhulupirira kuti aphunzitsi ake apotoza chikhulupiriro chachikhristu. Potembenuza Uthenga Wabwino kukhala mawu, chipembedzo, chodzimvetsetsa kwa akhristu, wina waiwala za Mulungu yemwe amayang'anizana ndi munthu muulamuliro wake, amafuna kuyankha kwa iye ndikumuchita ngati Mbuye.

Eduard Thurneysen (1888–1974), m’busa wa mudzi woyandikana nawo komanso bwenzi lapamtima la Barth la m’masiku ake ophunzira, anakumana ndi vuto la chikhulupiriro lofananalo. Tsiku lina Thurneysen ananong'oneza Barth: Zomwe timafunikira pakulalikira, kuphunzitsa ndi chisamaliro chaubusa ndi maziko a maphunziro aumulungu 'osiyana kotheratu'. [3]

Onsewa adalimbana kuti apeze maziko atsopano azachipembedzo chachikhristu. Mukamaphunzira zaumulungu ABC kachiwiri, kunali kofunika kuyamba kuwerenga ndikumasulira malemba a Chipangano Chakale ndi Chipangano Chatsopano mobwerezabwereza mozama kuposa kale. Ndipo tawonani: adayamba kuyankhula nafe ... [4] Kubwerera kumayambidwe a Uthenga kunali kofunikira. Zinali zofunikira kuyambiranso ndi malingaliro atsopano ndikumuzindikiranso Mulungu ngati Mulungu.

Aroma ndi Dogmatics Atchalitchi

Ndemanga ya Barth, Der Römerbrief, idatuluka mu 1919 ndipo idasinthidwanso kuti ikhale yatsopano mu 1922. Kalata yake yosinthidwa kwa Aroma idalongosola zaumulungu zatsopano molimba mtima momwe, mophweka, Mulungu pakudziyimira pawokha popanda munthu, ndikuwona yanga. [5]

Barth anapeza dziko latsopano m'kalata ya Paulo komanso m'malemba ena a m'Baibulo. Dziko lomwe silimalingaliranso malingaliro olondola aumunthu za Mulungu, koma malingaliro oyenera a Mulungu okhudza anthu adayamba kuwonekera. [6] Barth adalengeza kuti Mulungu ndi wina wopambana, zomwe zimapitilira kumvetsetsa kwathu, zomwe zimatsalira kwa ife, kuti ndizachilendo pamalingaliro athu ndipo zimangodziwika mwa Khristu. Umulungu womvetsetsa bwino wa Mulungu umaphatikizapo: umunthu wake. [7] Ziphunzitso zaumulungu ziyenera kukhala chiphunzitso cha Mulungu ndi munthu. [8]

Mu 1921 Barth adakhala Pulofesa wa Reformed Theology ku Göttingen, komwe adaphunzitsa mpaka 1925. Dera lake lalikulu linali chiphunzitso, chomwe amalingalira ngati chowunikira m'mawu a Mulungu monga vumbulutso, St. Lemba ndi Ulaliki Wachikhristu ... zimatanthauzira ulaliki weniweni wachikhristu. [9]

Mu 1925 adasankhidwa kukhala profesa wa ziphunzitso za chiphunzitso komanso chiphunzitso chatsopano ku Münster ndipo patatha zaka zisanu adasankhidwa kukhala profesa wa zamulungu ku Bonn, komwe adakhalako mpaka 1935.

Mu 1932 adafalitsa gawo loyamba la Church Dogmatics. Ntchito yatsopanoyi idakula chaka ndi chaka kuchokera kumakalata ake.

Dogmatics ili ndi magawo anayi: Chiphunzitso cha mawu a Mulungu (KD I), Chiphunzitso cha Mulungu (KD II), Chiphunzitso cha chilengedwe (KD III) ndi Chiphunzitso cha reconciliation (KD IV). Zigawo zonsezi zimakhala ndi mavoliyumu angapo. Poyambirira, Barth adapanga ntchitoyi kuti ikhale ndi magawo asanu. Sanathe kumaliza gawo la chiyanjanitso, ndipo gawo la chipulumutso linakhalabe losalembedwa pambuyo pa imfa yake.

A Thomas F. Torrance amatcha ma Barth's dogmatics ndiye gawo loyambirira kwambiri komanso lodziwika bwino pakuphunzitsa kwamulungu kwamakono. Amawona KD II, gawo 1 ndi 2, makamaka chiphunzitso chakuti Mulungu akugwira ntchito ndi kuti Mulungu achite mwa iye, kukhala chimake cha ziphunzitso za Barth. M'maso mwa Torrance, KD IV ndiye ntchito yamphamvu kwambiri yomwe idalembedwapo za chiphunzitso cha kuyanjanitsa ndi kuyanjanitsa.

Khristu: osankhidwa ndi osankhidwa

Barth adayika chiphunzitso chonse chachikhristu pakutsutsa kwakukulu ndikutanthauziranso potengera thupi. Adalemba kuti: Ntchito yanga yatsopano inali kuganizira ndikusanthula zonse zomwe ndanena kale mwanjira ina, tsopano monga zamulungu za chisomo cha Mulungu mwa Yesu Khristu. [10] Barth adayesetsa kuti apeze kulalikira kwachikhristu ngati ntchito yolengeza zochita zamphamvu za Mulungu osati zochita ndi mawu a anthu.

Khristu ali pachimake pa mfundo zolimba kuyambira pachiyambi mpaka kumapeto. Karl Barth anali wophunzira zaumulungu wachikhristu yemwe anali wokhudzidwa kwambiri ndi padera ndi chinsinsi cha Khristu ndi Uthenga wake wabwino (Torrance). Barth: Ngati mwadzisowa pano, mwadziphonya nokha. [11] Njira imeneyi ndi mizu yake mwa Khristu inamupulumutsa kuti asagwere mumsampha wa maphunziro aumulungu a chilengedwe, amene amati munthu ali ndi mphamvu zovomerezeka pa uthenga ndi maonekedwe a mpingo.

Barth analimbikira kuti Khristu ndiye anali mphamvu yowulula ndi kuyanjanitsa yomwe Mulungu analankhula nayo kwa munthu; m'mawu a Torrance, malo omwe timadziwa Atate. Mulungu amadziwika kokha kudzera mwa Mulungu, Barth ankakonda kunena. [12] Mawu onena za Mulungu ndiowona ngati ali ogwirizana ndi Khristu; pakati pa Mulungu ndi munthu pali munthu wa Yesu Khristu, Mulungu yekha ndi munthu mwini, amene amakhala nkhoswe pakati pa awiriwo. Mwa Khristu Mulungu adziulula yekha kwa munthu; onani mwa iye ndipo amadziwa munthu Mulungu.

Mu chiphunzitso chake chakukonzedweratu, Barth adayamba kuchokera pakusankhidwa kwa Khristu m'njira ziwiri: Khristu monga wosankhidwa ndikusankhidwa nthawi yomweyo. Yesu sanangosankha Mulungu yekha, komanso munthu wosankhidwa. [13] Chifukwa chake chisankho chimachitika makamaka ndi Khristu, amene tisankhidwa ndi iye pakusankhidwa kwake. Potengera chisankho cha anthu - kotero Barth - zisankho zonse zitha kungofotokozedwa ngati chisomo chaulere.

Nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse isanachitike komanso itatha

Zaka za Barth ku Bonn zidagwirizana ndikukula ndi kulanda mphamvu kwa Adolf Hitler. Gulu lachipembedzo lokhazikitsidwa ndi National Socialism, akhristu aku Germany, adayesetsa kuvomereza kuti Führer akhale mpulumutsi wotumidwa ndi Mulungu.

Mu April 1933 Mpingo wa Evangelical wa ku Germany unakhazikitsidwa ndi cholinga choyambitsa chikhalidwe cha Germany chokhudza mtundu, magazi ndi nthaka, anthu ndi boma (Barth) monga maziko achiwiri ndi gwero la vumbulutso la mpingo. Tchalitchi cha Confessing chinatuluka ngati gulu lotsutsa, kukana malingaliro awa okonda dziko komanso okhudza anthu. Barth anali mmodzi mwa otsogolera awo.

Mu Meyi 1934 adafalitsa Barmer Theological Declaration yotchuka, yomwe imachokera ku Barth ndikuwonetsa zamulungu zake zokhudzana ndi Khristu. M'nkhani zisanu ndi chimodzi, chilengezochi chimalimbikitsa mpingo kuti uzingoyang'ana zokha kuwululira kwa Khristu osati kwa olamulira anthu. Kunja kwa mawu amodzi a Mulungu, palibe gwero lina lolalikira za tchalitchichi.

Mu Novembala 1934, Barth adataya layisensi yake yophunzitsa ku Bonn atakana kukana lumbiro losavomerezeka la Adolf Hitler. Atamasulidwa kuofesi yake mu June 1935, nthawi yomweyo adapatsidwa udindo ku Switzerland ngati pulofesa wa zamulungu ku Basel, udindo womwe adakhala nawo mpaka atapuma pantchito mu 1962.

Mu 1946, nkhondo itatha, Barth adayitanidwanso ku Bonn, komwe adakamba nkhani zingapo zomwe zidasindikizidwa mchaka chotsatira ngati Dogmatics. Kutengera ndi Chikhulupiriro cha Atumwi, bukuli limafotokoza mitu yomwe Barth adalemba mu buku lake lalikulu la Church Dogmatics.

Mu 1962, Barth adapita ku United States ndikuphunzitsa ku Princeton Theological Seminary ndi University of Chicago. Akafunsidwa kuti abweretse tanthauzo laumulungu la mamiliyoni a mawu a Church Dogmatics mwachidule, akuti adaganiza kwakanthawi kenako nati:
Yesu amandikonda, ndizowonadi. Chifukwa zolembedwazo zikuwonetsa. Kaya mawuwo ndiowona kapena ayi: Umu ndi momwe Barth amayankhira mafunso. Ikufotokoza zakukhudzika kwake kuti pachimake pa uthenga wabwino pali uthenga wosavuta woloza kwa Khristu ngati Mpulumutsi wathu, amene amatikonda ndi chikondi changwiro chaumulungu.

Barth amamvetsetsa kusintha kwa ziphunzitso zake osati mawu omaliza pamaphunziro azaumulungu, koma potsegulira zokambirana zatsopano. [14] Modzichepetsa sapereka ntchito yake kukhala yamuyaya: Kwinakwake pa screed wakumwamba tsiku lina adzatha kuyika Mpingo wa Dogmatics ... kukhala pepala lowonongeka. [15] M'maphunziro ake omaliza adazindikira kuti malingaliro ake azaumulungu azitsogolera mtsogolo, chifukwa tchalitchi chimayenera kuyamba kuyambira tsiku lililonse, ola lililonse.

Pa 12. Karl Barth anamwalira ku Basel pa 1968 December 82 ali ndi zaka .

Wolemba Paul Kroll

Karl Barth: MNENERI wa Mpingo

Literatur
Karl Barth, Umunthu wa Mulungu. Biel 1956
Karl Barth, Church Dogmatics. Vol. I/ 1. Zollikon, Zurich 1952 ditto, vol. II
Karl Barth, Epistle to the Romans. 1. Baibulo. Zurich 1985 (monga gawo la Barth Complete Edition)
 
Karl Barth, Dogmatics pakuwononga. Munich mu 1947
Eberhard Busch, maphunziro a Karl Barth. Munich mu 1978
Thomas F. Torrance, Karl Barth: Wophunzitsa zaumulungu wa m'Baibulo ndi Evangelical. T. & T. Clark 1991

Zolemba:
 1 Busch, tsamba 56
 2 Busch, tsamba 52
 3 Letter to the Romans, Mawu Oyamba, p. IX
 4 Busch, tsamba 120
 5 Busch, tsamba 131-132
 6 Busch, tsamba 114
 7 Busch, tsamba 439
 8 Busch, tsamba 440
 9 Busch, tsamba 168
10 Busch, tsamba 223
11 Busch, tsamba 393
12 chitsamba, passim
13 Busch, tsamba 315
14 Busch, tsamba 506
15 Busch, tsamba 507